Combustion stability control of gasoline compression ignition (GCI) under low-load conditions: A review
, , , oraz
26 kwi 2021
O artykule
Data publikacji: 26 kwi 2021
Zakres stron: 427 - 446
Otrzymano: 05 paź 2020
Przyjęty: 30 gru 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2021.1.00039
Słowa kluczowe
© 2021 Leilei Liu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1
![Traditional diesel fuel injection and NOX and soot generation area [1].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5ac779ba647f6bbde7989ac74f7bbe3754a0a0ecc232e42f6a2deddf40a7ad0c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2
![Equivalence ratio—local temperature space diagram of different combustion modes [20].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=830e271ab1a94107e2612eb42a1f31cccb0c23b2499899276f63827e8064ebbe&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3
![Forecast of demand for different fuels [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c27e2dadf942da26cb7d69fbba540e4b25ad33e8883b36ea9bf11fed62ec1efb&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4
![Variation law of stable operating conditions with octane number [33].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=de341fcb0d83de41c9d1b91654584d4839a1a8c8bc9b977b7774619dbbf2a217&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5
![Effect of an increase of intake temperature on BMEP, CA50, HC and NOX [70].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a32d0ad39a09576703c5598449cf70ef31a20f7de291ee27714c3797b13a4618&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6
![Operating conditions of GCI combustion at different intake temperatures [71].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=abb9680b87a6464c70dee83b79bca3aa26090e9f46e0862bdda81431d7da1516&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7
![Effect of temperature and SOI on combustion characteristics. (a) CA50 (b) CoV (c) maximum in-cylinder pressure (d) IMEP [72].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8088d751c423b850df759d4748f6e60bf7df61a4a49eec7d1e7d834ed3ffb4f5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8
![Effect of an increase of intake pressure on BMEP, CA50, HC and NOX [74].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=f8faf89e3b2bd1b7c445015cbe0a3279921a7e9fa16913b7d04378234c107839&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9
![Effect of fuel injection timing, internal EGR rate and excess air coefficient l on indicated thermal efficiency and average indicated pressure under different intake pressures [75].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2fd7d89f05c79c9ed055228da4e239c5b7175ffab845936c3130bce6293fbb41&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 10
![Influence of spark assistance on combustion [80].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e19b8bc4c04e91ad0f80d8e9fb468289c7a13937995d32a441761b4f206e5f74&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 11
![Effect of spark assistance on CoV under different injection strategies [81].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=006c96b2c2eb317f207639d1ac1ac5a68de038e599eca605f879bf6c6a298768&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 12
![Predicted NOX with 2IVO strategy [84].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4c8cd08e546ce2f8c04a32098c5d127f20f933d9f549dea7d99cc63ab7272209&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 13
![Predicted NOX with 2EVO strategy [84].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a011ee923c66c2356f0f9731b5dad8a05ce228d1170e02ddde32ba12a8401de4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 14
![Effect of EGR rate and intake pressure on combustion efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency [40].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_014.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d40fab721c7d64918dbb1f0a6cf6d1cbdb3ad49776a0aefeb93bcf2529c17dc9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 15
![Effect of injection pressure on combustion [91].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_015.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d2d7d854593a50b310b7f25fceb5fee9646bb4345f008384af87fabe248a3e9c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 16
![Effect of single and double injection on combustion at 13 mg/cycle [51].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=33ff08364faa871ec6f1712f56ea16de53b97464d4dce9f70bb9e3eb22845f12&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 17
![Comparison of combustion performance and emissions between GP80 and GP90 [98].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9e1dbe8a691976d0204d665dd537ecc180f6a5c6b5523b8800d70ad7f329a99d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 18
![The combustion process of gasoline/PODEn blends [102].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143039Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=82ca1c113e961f0e7ee8dee44fba42a165ce90365f7b8ef6fd6d0479f70d0946&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)