Combustion stability control of gasoline compression ignition (GCI) under low-load conditions: A review
, , , et
26 avr. 2021
À propos de cet article
Publié en ligne: 26 avr. 2021
Pages: 427 - 446
Reçu: 05 oct. 2020
Accepté: 30 déc. 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2021.1.00039
Mots clés
© 2021 Leilei Liu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1
![Traditional diesel fuel injection and NOX and soot generation area [1].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=f112e07a40dc938ce169a0fe71d8bb71a083795cbe6463ff91a55289121bd678&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2
![Equivalence ratio—local temperature space diagram of different combustion modes [20].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e6d541a157a7d4031f2fa43354c8086055a6d78e5034219710f26b4201959ae0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3
![Forecast of demand for different fuels [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=93bc213bb8f366d3d506b5a40be8532b9bd55753cf511603b6a85d7444b5669b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4
![Variation law of stable operating conditions with octane number [33].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d30802e22d24b0247ff36e6e255deba4e401b13675b53fa7e6de16f750fcb6e8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5
![Effect of an increase of intake temperature on BMEP, CA50, HC and NOX [70].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d85017fdfd125f56eddce912a697cd5d912b2f12ce71c6bf1c5da8b9b421d3b7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6
![Operating conditions of GCI combustion at different intake temperatures [71].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d9ad47f5eb614f2132dcdd4d54176d8791307e77aae720133e29276f9a625c2c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7
![Effect of temperature and SOI on combustion characteristics. (a) CA50 (b) CoV (c) maximum in-cylinder pressure (d) IMEP [72].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4f38424f29a98f98590e0a1e235699cd3d47332607f83fefd84f5ab09253e509&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8
![Effect of an increase of intake pressure on BMEP, CA50, HC and NOX [74].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8704575a7f8fbb6047d075999fcc9d9bfdff7856e0c73a0003f859afeb3dd8c3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9
![Effect of fuel injection timing, internal EGR rate and excess air coefficient l on indicated thermal efficiency and average indicated pressure under different intake pressures [75].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=02f26a0c8d0b8ac2ef74963a91b635d4dcbfcc115bceeb2f1bc99c364553a5a5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 10
![Influence of spark assistance on combustion [80].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c92729e268531d421f1d24e35165033f780877f5ff7bc3491199924450e658b8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 11
![Effect of spark assistance on CoV under different injection strategies [81].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a873544e45b445cf339be1b973f474777f8f4cb5ef4b9d94916ffe65d440ac0d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 12
![Predicted NOX with 2IVO strategy [84].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1ec493ee2ab841ff78f20215a3167dcb78c7fcfa4c729f77c432a8ab12b253c7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 13
![Predicted NOX with 2EVO strategy [84].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=71cf158e73e2baa58d3b78a9b6916706b3dac765caf53e82e76aa0c07993c79e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 14
![Effect of EGR rate and intake pressure on combustion efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency [40].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_014.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6c44d8c98dfc47dc11a550326c17d82e80726c0f3a7c3ea7ad31ba0093b7b6b6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 15
![Effect of injection pressure on combustion [91].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_015.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8d942b33bfaddf39d18e66891637b818fb29495d9d0b0ebcad46732b3ad5c680&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 16
![Effect of single and double injection on combustion at 13 mg/cycle [51].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=cc2d7354c93d406977df99b33a4babc536ba9b145db29c17e19491752b09f3cc&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 17
![Comparison of combustion performance and emissions between GP80 and GP90 [98].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=24d1690f19eb5b9d84380f4b5872e6c59cac77668b940a4006335673e23189a7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 18
![The combustion process of gasoline/PODEn blends [102].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470a09471e4585e08aa1a55/j_amns.2021.1.00039_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251005%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251005T143038Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=365102551fdf7a087ff3439ca2fff3beb11d9458252cf919182da83ddc96813c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)