A Study of Teachers’ Digital Literacy Enhancement Strategies in the Context of Information Technology in Higher Education

Questionnaire reliability analysis results

Dimension	Observed variable	Cronbach’sα coefficient	CR value	Standardized load factor	The average variance is the AVE value
Digital consciousness	Q12	0.913	0.903	0.955	0.601
	Q13			0.882
	Q14			0.657
	Q15			0.860
	Q16			0.651
	Q17			0.701
Digital technical knowledge and skills	Q18	0.922	0.920	0.796	0.726
	Q19			0.803
	Q20			0.889
	Q21			0.936
Digital application	Q22	0.990	0.989	0.785	0.789
	Q23			0.848
	Q24			0.901
	Q25			0.881
	Q26			0.890
	Q27			0.938
	Q28			0.955
	Q29			0.892
	Q30			0.934
	Q31			0.959
	Q32			0.886
	Q33			0.888
	Q34			0.858
Digital social responsibility	Q35	0.904	0.916	0.567	0.686
	Q36			0.609
	Q37			0.871
	Q38			0.916
	Q39			0.938
Professional development	Q40	0.958	0.955	0.875	0.788
	Q41			0.760
	Q42			0.931
	Q43			0.872
	Q44			0.981
Digital literacy	Whole	0.995

The correlation between each dimension

Test variable	Digital consciousness	Digital technical knowledge and skills	Digital application	Digital social responsibility	Professional development	Level of digital literacy
Digital consciousness	1	0.95**	0.928**	0.834**	0.891**	0.689**
Digital technical knowledge and skills	0.95**	1	1.029**	0.804**	0.927**	0.741**
Digital application	0.928**	1.029**	1	0.821**	0.967**	0.777**
Digital social responsibility	0.834**	0.804**	0.821**	1	0.954**	0.657**
Professional development	0.891**	0.927**	0.967**	0.954**	1	0.768**
Level of digital literacy	0.689**	0.741**	0.777**	0.657**	0.768**	1

The difference between different degree teachers’ digital literacy

Test variable	Gender	Mean value	Standard deviation	t	p
Digital consciousness	Below high school	3.481	0.508	2.025	0.103
	Junior college	3.775	0.5
	undergraduate	3.214	0.51
	Master graduate	3.742	0.494
	Doctoral student	3.621	0.492
Digital technical knowledge and skills	Below high school	3.595	0.499	1.542	0.220
	Junior college	3.551	0.526
	undergraduate	4.014	0.501
	Master graduate	3.918	0.503
	Doctoral student	3.814	0.511
Digital application	Below high school	3.69	0.53	1.348	0.292
	Junior college	3.784	0.514
	undergraduate	3.936	0.486
	Master graduate	3.751	0.513
	Doctoral student	4.379	0.597
Digital social responsibility	Below high school	4.026	0.591	1.834	0.141
	Junior college	3.448	0.646
	undergraduate	3.814	0.608
	Master graduate	4.041	0.581
	Doctoral student	4.125	0.597
Professional development	Below high school	4.122	0.596	1.497	0.235
	Junior college	4.177	0.584
	undergraduate	4.526	0.623
	Master graduate	4.293	0.628
	Doctoral student	4.122	0.65
Level of digital literacy	Below high school	3.364	0.625	1.757	0.159
	Junior college	3.463	0.581
	undergraduate	4.285	0.571
	Master graduate	4.417	0.639
	Doctoral student	4.507	0.171

Comparison results of different age teachers’ digital literacy

Test variable	Gender	Mean value	Standard deviation	t	p
Digital consciousness	<30	3.757	0.489	1.873	0.124
	30-40	3.947	0.488
	40-45	3.868	0.494
	45-55	4.064	0.478
	>55	3.842	0.508
Digital technical knowledge and skills	<30	3.723	0.508	2.897	0.052
	30-40	3.747	0.497
	40-45	3.546	0.504
	45-55	3.583	0.503
	>55	3.784	0.511
Digital application	<30	3.487	0.504	4.401	0.000
	30-40	3.878	0.493
	40-45	3.683	0.51
	45-55	3.583	0.492
	>55	3.802	0.488
Digital social responsibility	<30	4.027	0.506	4.728	0.000
	30-40	4.739	0.512
	40-45	4.605	0.526
	45-55	4.052	0.509
	>55	4.497	0.493
Professional development	<30	4.001	0.504	4.330	0.000
	30-40	3.466	0.49
	40-45	3.938	0.51
	45-55	3.764	0.487
	>55	3.714	0.506
Level of digital literacy	<30	4.257	0.497	3.945	0.002
	30-40	3.888	0.507
	40-45	3.605	0.521
	45-55	3.605	0.477
	>55	3.726	0.47

Regression analysis of digital social responsibility

Test variable	Standardized coefficient beta	t	p	VIF	R2	Sig.
Constant		19.197	0.000		0.565	F=1157.094P=0.000
Digital consciousness	0.002	0.155	0.937	3.003
Digital technical knowledge and skills	0.091	3.046	0.000	6.018
Digital application	0.339	13.656	0.000	6.014
Professional development	0.011	0.772	0.573	3.018
Digital social responsibility	0.317	14.492	0.000	5.978

Data normal test results of questionnaire data

Item	Degree of bias		kurtosis
	Statistics	Standard deviation	Statistics	Standard deviation
Q12	-0.703	0.081	0.492	0.216
Q13	-0.637	0.121	0.542	0.19
Q14	-0.397	0.077	0.475	0.158
Q15	-0.332	0.092	0.524	0.199
Q16	-0.177	0.107	0.447	0.189
Q17	-0.017	0.086	0.517	0.17
Q18	-0.112	0.074	0.513	0.211
Q19	-0.009	0.099	0.482	0.171
Q20	-0.111	0.089	0.516	0.189
Q21	-0.228	0.09	0.476	0.173
Q22	-0.099	0.084	0.448	0.186
Q23	-0.274	0.093	0.482	0.186
Q24	-0.085	0.103	0.494	0.146
Q25	-0.313	0.078	0.509	0.178
Q26	-0.294	0.091	0.495	0.2
Q27	-0.328	0.096	0.507	0.168
Q28	-0.272	0.103	0.512	0.153
Q29	-0.324	0.1	0.491	0.194
Q30	-0.291	0.095	0.496	0.181
Q31	-0.292	0.097	0.506	0.166
Q32	-0.296	0.096	0.487	0.146
Q33	-0.295	0.118	0.514	0.199
Q34	-0.3	0.114	0.477	0.17
Q35	-0.322	0.106	0.489	0.183
Q36	-0.321	0.083	0.503	0.19
Q37	-0.322	0.103	0.523	0.194
Q38	-0.32	0.069	0.476	0.183
Q39	-0.336	0.099	0.496	0.172
Q40	-0.32	0.069	0.509	0.167
Q41	-0.275	0.084	0.507	0.171
Q42	-0.313	0.081	0.479	0.151
Q43	-0.319	0.079	0.498	0.177
Q44	-0.297	0.079	0.513	0.168

Descriptive statistics of teachers’ digital literacy

Survey variable	Minimum value	Maximum value	Mean value	Standard deviation
Digital consciousness	2.29	5	4.05	0.61
Digital technical knowledge and skills	1.03	5	3.70	0.48
Digital application	1.12	5	3.55	0.49
Digital social responsibility	2.05	5	4.25	0.04
Professional development	1.61	5	3.76	0.48
Level of digital literacy	2.83	5	3.862	0.35

The difference between different gender teachers’ digital literacy

Test variable	Gender	Mean value	Standard deviation	t	p
Digital consciousness	Male	4.063	0.639	0.002	0.998
	Female	4.063	0.601
Digital technical knowledge and skills	Male	3.788	0.599	1.806	0.071
	Female	3.617	0.587
Digital application	Male	4.014	0.607	0.995	0.371
	Female	4.006	0.605
Digital social responsibility	Male	4.237	0.587	0.164	0.870
	Female	4.230	0.603
Professional development	Male	3.885	0.61	0.735	0.465
	Female	3.538	0.627
Level of digital literacy	Male	3.9974	0.6084	0.811	0.418
	Female	3.8908	0.6046

Linear regression analysis based on digital consciousness

Test variable	Standardized coefficient beta	t	p	VIF	R2	Sig.
Constant		16.026	0.000		0.842	F=3457.126P=0.000
Digital technical knowledge and skills	0.462	30.045	0.000	5.006
Digital application	0.173	10.077	0.000	6.006
Digital social responsibility	0.219	19.807	0.000	3.013
Professional development	0.068	4.64	0.000	5.001
Level of digital literacy	0.002	0.078	0.937	1.983

Regression analysis of digital application

Test variable	Standardized coefficient beta	t	p	VIF	R2	Sig.
Constant		5.179	0.845		0.967	F=7981.432P=0.000
Digital consciousness	0.051	5.173	0.000	3.002
Digital knowledge and skills	0.303	29.814	0.000	5.041
Digital social responsibility	0.085	13.827	0.000	1.798
Professional development	0.086	10.394	0.000	3.527
Digital literacy	0.563	60.099	0.000	4.198

Variance analysis table

Variance source	Sum of squares(SS)	Freedom(F)	Mean square(MS)
Regression	SSR=β^TXTY−YTJY×1n$$SSR = {\hat \beta ^T}{X^T}Y - {Y^T}JY \times \frac{1}{n}$$	p − 1	MSR=SSR×1p−1$$MSR = SSR \times \frac{1}{{p - 1}}$$
Error	SSE=YTY−β^TXTY$$SSE = {Y^T}Y - {\hat \beta ^T}{X^T}Y$$	n − p	MSE=SSE×1n−p$$MSE = SSE \times \frac{1}{{n - p}}$$
Summation	SST=YTY−YTJY×1n$$SST = {Y^T}Y - {Y^T}JY \times \frac{1}{n}$$	n − 1	—

Linear regression analysis of digital technical knowledge and skills

Test variable	Standardized coefficient beta	t	p	VIF	R2	Sig.
Constant		3.604	0.003		0.951	F=7015.538P=0.000
Digital consciousness	0.639	61.323	0.000	4.016
Digital application	0.012	1.171	0.135	3.002
Digital social responsibility	0.065	5.079	0.000	5.002
Professional development	0.027	3.814	0.000	1.041
Digital literacy	0.278	30.604	0.000	3.008