Adoption of cryptocurrencies by financial institutions: challenges and opportunities in the digital economy
05 lut 2025
O artykule
Data publikacji: 05 lut 2025
Otrzymano: 30 sie 2024
Przyjęty: 19 gru 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2025-0073
Słowa kluczowe
© 2025 Qianyi Luo, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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The granger causality test of the encrypted currency
BTC | LTC | ETH | XRP | USDT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFSI | 0.512 | 0.254 | 1.200 | 0.801 | 0.305 |
CFSI_credit | 0.754 | 0.030 | 0.520 | 2.074 | 0.814 |
CFSI_stock | 0.485 | 0.392 | 0.914 | 0.534 | 0.322 |
CFSI_exchange | 0.802 | 0.402 | 5.051 | 1.173 | 0.648 |
CFSI_bond | 3.283** | 1.504 | 0.735 | 3.272** | 3.427*** |
Descriptive statistics
Variable | Observed quantity | Mean | Standard deviation | The ADF test of the original sequence | The ADF test of the first order difference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covi | 190 | 107.122 | 10.735 | -3.120** | |
Covic | 190 | 108.14 | 21.174 | -2.532 | -12.342*** |
Covio | 190 | 107.217 | 9.240 | -4.242*** | |
Dcpi | 190 | 100.274 | 17.894 | -1.884 | -9.645*** |
Eri | 190 | 98.927 | 5.325 | -7.263*** | |
Edyi | 190 | 100.053 | 1.023 | -1.604 | -9.763*** |
Fpi | 190 | 98.584 | 6.854 | -3.452*** | |
Fepi | 190 | 95.528 | 24.839 | -9.874*** | |
Feti | 190 | 90.415 | 1.125 | -5.032*** | |
Fgpi | 190 | 100.118 | 90.253 | -1.652 | -8.345*** |
Fdpi | 190 | 100.084 | 57.954 | -1.932 | -10.028*** |
VAR model estimates
Model | (1-1) VAR | (1-2) VAR |
---|---|---|
Variable | Dcpi | Dcpi |
L.dcpi | 0.812*** (0.084) | 0.814*** (0.062) |
L2.dcpi | 0.163** (0.085) | 0.156** (0.086) |
L.covi | -0.038 (0.065) | |
L2.covi | 0.036 (0.056) | |
L.dcpi | -0.082 (0.098) | 0.057 (0.082) |
L2.dcpi | 0.072 (0.098) | -0.054 (0.076) |
L.covi | 0.510*** (0.070) | |
L2.covi | 0.354*** (0.07) | |
Constant | 4.224 (4.420) | 7.473 (7.514) |
L.eri | 0.022 (0.092) | |
L2.eri | -0.049 (0.093) | |
L.eri | 0.784*** (0.074) | |
L2.eri | -0.234*** (0.076) | |
Constant | 16.320*** (5.843) | 44.122*** (6.304) |
Log likehood | -1145.32 | -1063.76 |
AIC | 12.60324 | 11.71196 |
Observations | 190 | 190 |