A study applying time series analysis to examine the positive effects of music therapy on sleep quality

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Sleep quality criteria

Evaluation item	Inclusion entry	Evaluation score				Scoring interval
A	Time of sleep	≤15min	16~30min	31~60min	≥60min	0~2.5
		0	0.5	1	1.5
	30min unsleep	NO		YES
		0		1
B	Actual sleep time	≥7h	6~7h	5~6h	≤5h	0~3
		0	1	2	3
C	Actual sleep time/in bed time	≥85%	75~84%	65~74%	≤65%	0~3
		0	1	2	3
D	Wake up at night or wake up early	NO		YES		0~1.5
		0 points		0.5 points
	Go to the toilet at night	NO		YES
		0		0.5
	Sleeping position (sleep comfort)	≤10 times(Comfort)		>10 times(Discomfort)
		0		0.5

Statistics of final results of sleep quality assessment

Number	Sleep Quality Assessment Results
	Calculate	Reference
D01	Good	Good
D02	Good	Good
D03	Good	Good
D04	Good	Better
D05	Good	Better
D06	Good	Better
D07	Better	Better
D08	Good	Better
D09	Better	Better
D10	Worse	Worse
D11	Worse	Worse
D12	Worse	Worse
Average Score	3.042±2.648	3.667±2.678
P	0.5936

Statistics of sleep quality assessment results

Number	Evaluation item A		Evaluation item B		Evaluation item C		Evaluation item D		Total
	Calculate	Reference	Calculate	Reference	Calculate	Reference	Calculate	Reference	Calculate	Reference
D01	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	2
D02	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
D03	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.5	1.5	0.5	1.5
D04	1	0.5	1	2	0	0	0.5	1	2.5	3.5
D05	0.5	1	1	2	0	0	0.5	0	2	3
D06	0	0	1	2	0	0	1	1	2	3
D07	1	2	1	1	0	0	1	1	3	4
D08	2	3	0	1	0	0	0.5	0.5	2.5	4.5
D09	1	1	2	2	0	0	0.5	0.5	3.5	3.5
D10	2.5	2	2	2	1	1	0.5	0.5	6	5.5
D11	2	2	3	3	1	1	1	1	7	7
D12	2	2	2	2	1	0.5	0.5	1	5.5	5.5

Before and after the intervention, the PSQI total score and each dimensional score

Project	Group	Preintervention	Four weeks of intervention	Eight weeks of intervention	F	P
Sleep quality	Control group	2.27±0.46	2.24±0.59	2.19±0.51	0.024	0.863
	Ordinary music group	2.14±0.37	1.47±0.53a	1.16±0.34a	65.654	<0.002
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	2.27±0.45b	1.19±0.41a	0.81±0.36ab	143.16	<0.003
	F	2.378	47.963	113.674	/	/
	P	0.097	<0.001	<0.002	/	/
Fall asleep time	Control group	2.78±0.26	2.82±0.26	2.98±0.24	3.169	0.915
	Ordinary music group	2.86±0.46	2.49±0.76a	1.76±0.83a	28.148	<0.001
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	2.91±0.16	2.16±0.78a	1.34±0.76a	80.698	<0.001
	F	1.049	15.954	66.948	/	/
	P	0.296	<0.002	<0.001	/	/
Sleep time	Control group	2.78±0.43	2.79±0.46	2.74±0.46	0.048	0.815
	Ordinary music group	2.71±0.46	2.34±0.46a	1.83±0.51a	48.154	<0.001
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	2.79±0.46	2.18±0.59a	1.45±0.46ab	97.695	<0.001
	F	0.004	19.462	85.954	/	/
	P	0.936	<0.001	<0.002	/	/
Sleep efficiency	Control group	2.97±0.15	2.78±0.26	2.94±0.24	1.245	0.548
	Ordinary music group	2.91±0.24	2.48±0.39	2.61±0.61a	7.835	0.002
		Body sensory acoustic therapy group	3.02±0.00	2.78±0.49	2.18±0.74ab	31.485	<0.005
	F	1.036	1.765	19.365	/	/
	P	0.342	0.196	<0.002	/	/
Sleep disorders	Control group	1.45±0.51	1.48±0.56	1.49±0.48	1.452	0.945
	Ordinary music group	1.48±0.59	1.32±0.48	1.32±0.48	0.915	0.385
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	1.48±0.53	1.03±0.48ab	1+0.00ab	34.582	<0.002
	F	0.048	12.965	13.485	/	/
	P	0.915	<0.001	<0.001	/	/
Hypnotic	Control group	1.65±0.74	1.67±0.78	1.76±0.71	0.945	0.758
	Ordinary music group	1.47±0.71	1.22±0.68a	1.18±0.83a	3.936	0.023
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	1.63±0.94	0.75±0.65ab	0.32±0.51ab	32.485	<0.001
	F	0.046	15.965	45.631	/	/
	P	0.931	<0.001	<0.002	/	/
Daytime function Obstacles	Control group	1.45±0.59	1.85±0.49	1.34±0.41	0.085	0.915
	Ordinary music group	1.48±0.56	1.36±0.49	1.23±0.48	1.341	0.242
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	1.49±0.58	1.03±0.16ab	1+0.00ab	35.185	<0.001
	F	0.028	12.945	12.632	/	/
	P	0.926	<0.001	<0.001	/	/
PSQI	Control group	15.49±1.79	15.94±1.92	15.36±1.85	0.048	0.965
	Ordinary music group	15.28±1.68	12.78±1.63a	12.36±2.15a	58.415	<0.001
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	15.96±1.75	11.32±2.36ab	8.63±1.74ab	187.596	<0.001
	F	0.634	49.852	167.933	/	/
	P	0.536	<0.001	<0.002	/	/

Repeated variance analysis

Project	Time master effect		Intervention main effect			Interaction effect
	F	P	F	P	F	P
Quality of sleep	279.654	<0.001	49.635	<0.001	70.645	<0.001
Bedtime	126.746	0.001	36.752	<0.001	65.742	<0.001
Sleep time	176.635	<0.001	36.485	<0.001	45.952	<0.001
Sleep efficiency	35.736	0.001	11.967	0.001	23.821	<0.001
Sleep disorder	12.934	0.001	7.945	<0.001	13.948	<0.001
Hypnotic	51.963	0.001	12.997	<0.001	58.918	<0.001
Daytime dysfunction	13.934	<0.001	7.752	0.001	10.156	<0.001
PSQI	246.964	<0.001	65.963	<0.001	146.765	<0.001

Sleep beliefs and attitudes

Project	Group	Preintervention	Four weeks of intervention	Eight weeks of intervention	F	P
Exaggerate the consequences of insomnia	Control group	12.94±1.93	12.96±1.82	13.85±1.71	0.048	0.945
	Ordinary music group	13.56±1.59	15.37±1.48a	15.96±1.48	32.485	<0.002
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	13.85±1.63	18.62±1.24ab	19.69±1.39ab	183.64	<0.001
	F	1.069	98.153	146.965	/	/
	P	0.385	<0.002	<0.001	/	/
Fear of insomnia	Control group	16.36±1.85	16.96±1.62	16.99±1.52	0.918	0.348
	Ordinary music group	16.08±2.06	19.85±1.93a	21.95±1.94a	76.254	<0.001
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	15.96±2.26	23.48±1.76ab	26.48±2.47ab	234.595	<0.001
	F	0.029	124.95	206.65	/	/
	P	0.915	<0.001	<0.001	/	/
Unrealistic expectations of insomnia	Control group	5.59±1.16	5.78±1.02	5.95±0.81	2.348	0.078
	Ordinary music group	5.36±0.89	5.63±1.05	5.93±1.15	4.095	0.048
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	5.71±0.78	6.18±0.91ab	7.05±0.93ab	26.655	<0.001
	F	2.364	11.964	21.945	/	/
	P	0.185	<0.002	<0.001	/	/
Unconvinced of the help of sleep	Control group	9.18±1.49	9.87±1.12	9.97±1.36	1.485	0.278
	Ordinary music group	9.23±1.34	10.96±0.75a	11.35±0.91a	60.565	<0.001
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	9.08±1.45	11.39±1.11a	12.85±1.59ab	86.965	<0.001
	F	0.296	48.35	58.35	/	/
	P	0.715	<0.001	<0.001	/	/
DBAS-16	Control group	44.32±3.69	44.36±3.27	45.98±3.25	2.855	0.087
	Ordinary music group	43.18±2.67	51.63±3.37a	53.42±3.18a	145.185	<0.001
	Body sensory acoustic therapy group	45.63±4.18	57.89±3.85ab	64.95±3.636ab	315.985	<0.001
	F	0.296	198.635	307.965	/	/
	P	0.754	<0.001	<0.001	/	/