Improvement of government information disclosure system and innovation of supervision mechanism
Publié en ligne: 17 mars 2025
Reçu: 11 nov. 2024
Accepté: 12 févr. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2025-0199
Mots clés
© 2025 Xingyu Su et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The government initiative to disclose information is a basic obligation of the modern government, including the information that the government knows in the process of performing its duties and retained through the relevant carrier. From this, we can see that the system of government information disclosure refers to the information that the government learns in the process of performing its duties, except for the state secrets, for the rest of the information should be proactively released to the public system [1-3]. The purpose of the state to set up the government information disclosure system is twofold, one is to protect the citizens' right to know and the right to supervise, at the same time, the citizens, legal persons or other organizations can make full use of the information disclosed by the government for their own production, life services [4-5]. The second is to increase the transparency of the government, promote government administration according to law, and further enhance the authority of the government [6-7].
With the popularization of the Internet and communication devices, human society has stepped into the era of informationization, which means that information has become one of the most valuable resources in this century. And the government, as the largest owner of social resources, how to optimize the allocation of information resources and prevent the waste of resources has become an urgent problem for the current administrative institutions. In order to adapt to the needs of governance modernization, the reshaping of the government information disclosure system framework will become an important part of the new round of administrative system reform, which not only means the replacement of the traditional public management model, but also the impact on the single, inefficient and closed information disclosure model [8-11]. The use of modern technology to reshape the government model, the government information from the traditional unidirectional flow to the interconnected mode change, so as to enhance the efficiency of information disclosure [12-13]. Emphasis on information resource sharing in administrative affairs management is not only conducive to information exchange and communication among government departments to improve the quality of service, but also broadens the channels for citizens, enterprises and social organizations to understand the information, thus ensuring the realization of citizens' rights [14-15].
Government information disclosure is both a focus of public management and a challenging issue in contemporary Chinese government management practice.Song, Y. et al. show that government accounting information in the era of big data has become an important way for the public to analyze and evaluate the fulfillment of the government's fiduciary responsibility.With the growing public demand for government accounting information, the use of big data technology to establish a scientific government accounting information disclosure system is an inevitable requirement for building a transparent service-oriented government [16]. Hou, H. combines blockchain technology with government e-government, which effectively improves the efficiency of government services, promotes the construction of transparent and accessible government, facilitates cross-organizational information sharing, and provides a theoretical basis for carrying out the practical work of governmental services [17]. Saraswati, D. points out that public institutions have an obligation to open relevant information, and the establishment of a transparent public information disclosure system will be effective in preventing the emergence of corruption, and introduces a reporting system that facilitates the accusation of corruption [18]. Adiputra, I. M. P. et al. conducted a study on the factors affecting the transparency of local government in Indonesia, and the study showed that high-quality government financial reports can promote the construction of a transparent government, and the disclosure of financial information audit opinion and local political environment play a mediating role, while government size has a low correlation with government transparency [19]. Ding, X. et al. found that environmental information disclosure affects enterprise's sustainable development performance by influencing enterprise's green innovation, so they put forward relevant suggestions to improve the government's environmental information disclosure system, which can make an important contribution to the green upgrading of the enterprise's industrial structure as well as the realization of green transformation [20]. He, J. discussed how to further improve the government information disclosure mechanism under the perspective of personal privacy protection in public health emergencies, and concluded that the government should actively improve the information review mechanism and supervision and accountability mechanism, and improve the personal privacy relief system and stipulate the scope of personal privacy disclosure, so as to achieve a balance between the disclosure of government information and the protection of personal privacy[21]. Gao, X. et al. pointed out in their research on the public governance mechanism of public health events that ICT can be utilized to create a more transparent information flow mechanism, and open government information data not only fulfills the duty of reminding the public, but also provides a basis for transnational and cross-border cooperation [22]. Jin, R. based on the adaptive structure theory on the study of the driving factors affecting the level of government information disclosure by understanding the government's information disclosure driving path and the synergistic effect of multiple factors, which provides useful insights for building a transparent government information disclosure mechanism [23].
In this paper, in the process of improving the research of open government information system, empirical research is used to argue, comprehensively analyze and understand the current situation and working mechanism of open government information at the grass-roots level in Y county of a province, and find out the problems and the reasons behind them. Starting from the analysis of important issues, we get scientific conclusions and build a closed-loop and open government information disclosure mechanism. Then in the research on the innovation of government supervision mechanism, an Internet supervision process composed of four supervision mechanisms is proposed and its working mode is analyzed. A certain area, Futaiyuan District, is selected as the research object to analyze the effect of government management supervision mechanism innovation in the Internet environment.
This paper takes Y county of a province as a survey sample, and carries out a sample survey in Shuangshan township, Koluo township, Ilaha township, Tashi township and Doboshan township within the scope of Y county for the status quo of the disclosure of information of the grassroots government of Y county, and this survey is carried out in two ways, one form is a questionnaire survey, and 40 questionnaires are issued to each township and each questionnaire contains 20 questions. By letting the villagers fill in the questionnaire survey, we can better understand the effect of the open information work in Y county. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed during the survey, and 200 were actually recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 100%.
In order to better understand the categories of government information that the public would like to be informed of, we set the option of “in” in the questionnaire and left a blank space for the public to write their opinions. The results of the survey, as shown in Figure 1, indicate that the categories of government information that the public is most interested in disclosing are, firstly, the use of government funds, with a frequency of 86, followed by government development plans, policies and regulations formulated by the government, and the basis of punishment by the government, with a frequency of 67, 65, and 58, respectively, and then, the public is more concerned with the functions of government organizations, government guidelines, government administrative approvals, and other information. Lastly, the public is more concerned about local investment promotion, government documents and related information such as government work dynamics. From this we can see that the public is more concerned about government information that has a direct interest to them, especially the use of government funds is more related to the public's direct interests, the more transparent the use of funds, the more benefits the public can get, and the public pays closer attention to it. The more transparent the use of funds, the more benefits the public can get, and the closer the public's attention. The government's development plan, the policies and regulations formulated by the government and the basis of the government's corresponding penalties are only second to the use of funds, and the public's daily life is also related to a certain extent, in the space designed by us, some of the respondents fill in other information such as the market information, the information on employment, and the information on education and training, etc., which are also related to the public's life, and they hope that the government would give them assistance in this kind of information more. They want the government to help them with this kind of information. In the survey, we also found that the public is not concerned about the government's work dynamics, leadership dynamics, etc., but more concerned about the government information related to their own interests.
Public information requirements category
The results of the survey of government information disclosure work as shown in Table 1, we listed on the recent years to help the people, benefiting the people's agricultural policies and regulations, the beneficiaries of its policy knowledge is not optimistic. Among them for the middle three beneficiary policies all know a very low proportion, respectively, 7%, 9% and 12.5%, know the proportion of affordable policies is slightly higher, respectively, 22%, 34% and 11%, don't know the content of the three beneficiary policies a higher proportion, respectively, 29%, 35% and 42.5%, and there is a part of the public has not heard of the three beneficiary policies at all, the proportion of the proportion of the three beneficiary policies, respectively, 42%, 22% and 34% respectively. From this we can see that if there is no appropriate channel to inform the public of such useful information, the public will have no way of knowing and grasping such information, and thus will not be able to enjoy the benefits given to them by the State. Under the previous government model, the public is used to being informed passively, and generally the public enjoys whatever benefits the government informs them of, rather than being more proactive in obtaining them. They have not realized that government information is one of their resources, and from this survey, we also found that the rate of public awareness of the government information that is currently open to the public is not high.
| Specific government information | All of | Know benefits | Unknown content | Never heard of it | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Proportion | N | Proportion | N | Proportion | N | Proportion | |
| Modern agricultural development planning documents | 14 | 7% | 44 | 22% | 58 | 29% | 84 | 42% |
| “Two exemptions, three subsidy” policies | 18 | 9% | 68 | 34% | 70 | 35% | 44 | 22% |
| The policies and laws of paying taxes | 25 | 12.5% | 22 | 11% | 85 | 42.5% | 68 | 34% |
The results of the survey on the degree of public disclosure of government information are shown in Table 2. Current laws and regulations in China stipulate that items such as the government's charging of public fees, the imposition of penalties on the public, the expropriation of land, and village finances are all items that must be voluntarily disclosed. If they are not disclosed voluntarily, they need to bear the corresponding legal responsibility. In the table, we can see that the government only for the reasons for the relevant punishment of high degree of openness, accounting for 30%, the corresponding passive disclosure and non-disclosure of a high proportion of the information that should be disclosed for the active disclosure of the proportion is relatively low. Personally, I think there are two main reasons for this kind of imagination, one is the reason of legislation, China promulgated in 1996 “Administrative Punishment Law” is China's first administrative behavior of a separate law, this law is only in the principle of administrative openness and law enforcement agencies in the law enforcement procedures in the requirements of the more stringent and other items in China has not been a clear, comprehensive requirements, so some of the grass-roots government in the work of government information disclosure. Therefore, some grass-roots governments are still slow in the work of government information disclosure. Secondly, some grassroots governments have not yet changed their concept of law enforcement; China's long-standing officialism is relatively heavy, and the concepts of service-oriented government and sunshine-oriented government have not yet taken root in grassroots governments' service concepts. This is really a reflection of the government's attitude toward the information that must be made public. At present, many grassroots governments have not really transformed their work functions, and have not proactively provided the public with the government information they want or need, but have only responded to it in a passive manner.
| Public government information projects must be open | Initiative | Demand public | Don't try to be unfair | It's also unfair | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Proportion | N | Proportion | N | Proportion | N | Proportion | |
| Reasons for government charges | 36 | 18% | 82 | 41% | 25 | 12.5% | 57 | 29% |
| Reasons for government punishment | 60 | 30% | 67 | 33.5% | 24 | 12% | 49 | 25% |
| Whether the legal formalities of the land requisition will be announced | 36 | 18% | 41 | 20.5% | 38 | 19% | 85 | 43% |
| Village committee | 32 | 16% | 44 | 22% | 28 | 14% | 96 | 48% |
We have listed the main ways for the public to obtain government information from the grassroots in the questionnaire, and we found that the public mainly obtains government information through the existing interpersonal relationship, i.e., person-to-person, and the traditional media such as magazines, newspapers, and broadcasting, while the emerging communication channels have not been widely used. From the survey on the channels through which the public obtains government information, we find that the public mainly obtains government information indirectly, while the direct way of obtaining government information is secondary.
Society is constantly developing and progressing, and the environment in which the government information disclosure mechanism is located is constantly changing. In order to make the government information disclosure mechanism work in different environments, when constructing the government information disclosure mechanism, we should not only consider the operation and interconnection of the internal links of the mechanism, but also should not ignore the influence of the external environment on the whole mechanism. A perfect government information disclosure mechanism not only operates normally in a closed state, but also plays a role under the influence of the external environment. Therefore, based on the environmental principles of the systematic approach, we should build a government information disclosure mechanism combining closed-loop and open-ended.
The construction of a combination of closed-loop and open government information disclosure mechanism is to realize that the government information disclosure mechanism can not only operate normally without interference from the external environment, but also can be optimized and operated according to the changes in the external environment when there are changes. The external environment here refers to the social environment that affects the realization of the cause of open government information in China, mainly in the following aspects:
First, the status quo of the realization of open government information in countries around the world. The cause of open government information in China started late, and many aspects have been influenced by other countries (especially in countries where open government information started earlier). The formulation of China's “Regulations on Disclosure of Government Information” and the implementation of related policies have drawn on the successful experience of other countries; the overall level of implementation of openness of information in countries around the world has also provided the Chinese government with a yardstick, which is able to measure the direction of China's efforts in the area of openness of government information, and also provides a direction for the optimization of China's governmental openness of information mechanism. Therefore, the implementation of information disclosure by other governments is the external environment that affects the operation of the Chinese government's information disclosure mechanism. The flow of government information disclosure mechanism combining closed-loop and open-ended is shown in Figure 2.
Closed-loop and open-design information disclosure mechanism
Second, the implementation of open information by each local government in China. The degree of implementation of open information by each local government in China is different, for example, Shanghai has the most prominent effect of open information implementation among local governments, while other provinces and cities lag behind comparatively. Because of the problem of imbalance in government information disclosure in various regions of China, the advanced regions will have a certain guiding and promoting effect on the relatively backward regions, and the relatively backward regions will be infected by the advanced regions and improve their own awareness of information disclosure. At the same time, they can also learn from the successful experience of advanced regions to avoid taking a detour in the process of implementing information disclosure. Therefore, the realization of information disclosure by local governments in China is also the external environment that affects the Chinese government's information disclosure.
Thirdly, public demand for open government information. The public's awareness of and desire for open government information is the social environment that can most influence open government information. At this stage, the Chinese government disclosure of information in most of the way for active disclosure, the government to disclose which information, the public will be passive to accept which information, so that the government in the information disclosure of the achievements of the government is mostly the government's self-evaluation, which led to the initial construction of the government information disclosure mechanism has been used, the lack of improvement and optimization process. To sum up the reasons, it is due to the lack of public concern for the government's open information and the lack of an environment that promotes the continuous optimization of the government's open information mechanism, which has led to the implementation of the Chinese government's open information effect does not meet the expected goals. Therefore, the degree of public concern and participation in open government information is the most important social environment that affects the operation and optimization of the open government information mechanism and the effectiveness of the implementation of open government information.
After analyzing the environment in which the Chinese government information disclosure mechanism is located, then to build a closed-loop and open government information disclosure mechanism, the government information disclosure mechanism constructed in a closed state should be placed in the social environment and optimized, so that the government departments can understand the world's overall level of government information disclosure, measure their own level, and make clear what kind of government information disclosure mechanism is suitable for China. In this way, government departments can learn the general level of open government information in the world, measure their own level, and clarify what kind of open government information mechanism is suitable for China. At the same time, the government will continue to optimize the government information disclosure mechanism under the urging of the public's awareness of requesting open information, thus building a closed-loop and open government information disclosure mechanism.
In the Internet environment, people can more easily participate in public management, and can promote the realization and development of e-government, the government's organizational form will also undergo a certain transformation. China's Internet started late, but after more than ten years of rapid development, the Internet has become a part of people's production and life, penetrating into every aspect of the general public's life, and has profoundly affected people's life, work and study, and has had a great impact on the development process of the society. The 35th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China released by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) on February 3, 2024 shows that the scale of Chinese netizens and Internet penetration rate are as shown in Table 3, as of December 2024, the scale of Chinese netizens reached 650 million, and the number of new netizens in the whole year reached 31.2 million, and the penetration rate of the Internet was 48.4%, 2.4 percentage points higher than that at the end of 2022, and the penetration rate of the Internet was 1.4%. The Internet penetration rate was 48.4%, an increase of 2.4 percentage points from the end of 2022.
| Year | Internet number | Internet penetration |
|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 11106 | 8.52% |
| 2015 | 13722 | 10.6% |
| 2016 | 21100 | 15.8% |
| 2017 | 29850 | 22.7% |
| 2018 | 38540 | 29.3% |
| 2019 | 45840 | 35.2% |
| 2020 | 51421 | 38.5% |
| 2021 | 58726 | 42.3% |
| 2022 | 61760 | 46.8% |
| 2023 | 65084 | 48.4% |
There are four monitoring mechanisms that make up a complete Internet monitoring process for government monitoring on the Internet. They are: the Internet predictive and preventive supervision mechanism, the Internet regular reporting mechanism, the Internet information connection mechanism and the Internet internal supervision security mechanism. Its purpose is to connect the discontinuous and decentralized supervision under the traditional supervision activities, to realize the connection in each supervision link, and on the basis of full docking to do mutual promotion and mutual improvement. Utilizing the capabilities conferred by the Internet can truly enhance the overall effectiveness of “1+1 is greater than 2”.
The Internet monitoring model is shown in Figure 3. First, the base layer of the Internet monitoring model: the base layer of the Internet monitoring model is Internet collection, Internet preprocessing, Internet storage, Internet analysis and mining. The Internet base layer performs the following three tasks in the supervisory model: first, the collection of structured data sets, structured data with clear characteristics, very easy to be extracted and analyzed is a data processing capability that is also available in the non-Internet phase at this stage. Second, the classification and analysis of unstructured data. The so-called unstructured data is a mixed data set in various formats, which has useful information but is troublesome and time-consuming to process. Most of this unstructured data comes from a variety of sensors and has special requirements for data retention behavior. The processing of this type of dataset requires first of all a classification and organization of the data in the same format. Secondly, it is necessary to further refine the distinction between various types of data to complete the collation and division work. Third, the unstructured data after sorting and classification are analyzed and used.
Internet monitoring patterns
Second, the analysis layer of the Internet supervision model: the so-called data analysis refers to the analysis of two types of data, the first is the analysis and use of information held by government agencies, and the second is the analysis and use of external data. These two types of information are not processed and used for the same purpose, so a distinction should be made at the data analysis level. The first type of data analysis is mainly used to grasp the basic information and basic characteristics of the relevant people and targets. The analysis of the second type of data is mainly used to find the abnormal behavior of the target person or target event and the time period in which the abnormal behavior occurs, and to use this as an aid and support for investigation and examination. In general, the Internet analysis layer is basically a technical realization and application, is in the specific use and application of the invisible and intangible, only the results of the output is visible. Its normal operation is guaranteed by computer programming and server arithmetic support, which constitutes the foundation for the functioning of the Internet supervision mechanism and supervision mode.
Finally, the application layer of the Internet monitoring model: the application layer of the Internet monitoring model is based on the model conception and mechanism combination on top of the foundation layer and analysis layer. Internet supervision mode is to link various mechanisms, play the overall effectiveness of each Internet supervision mechanism, so that it plays a full role in the key, only in a clear and reliable mode of operation of various types of mechanisms can realize the Internet-based supervision upgrade. The application of Internet technology in supervision is reflected in the prediction and early warning mechanism, the information cross-connection mechanism, the regular supervision and reporting mechanism and the internal supervision and security mechanism.
The application process of the Internet supervision mechanism in the model is shown in Figure 4, which is divided into two types, the first is standing supervision and the other is specialized investigation. In day-to-day activities, it mainly relies on regularized supervision to carry out regular supervision and management of all the people under its jurisdiction. Relying on the Internet prediction and early warning mechanism, it compares the newly generated data after regular updating with the data that has already been processed, and in conjunction with the records of the exercise of authority, it generates a portrait of the exercise of authority by comparing the changes between the elements of the visualization of the prior supervision and the standards and norms of the exercise of authority. The scientific upgrading of the mechanism creates a stronger deterrent to supervision, increases the cost of corruption and the intensity of supervision, and thus deters potential violations of the law.
The process of Internet monitoring mechanisms in patterns
Another type of monitoring process begins with the acceptance of leads and petitions from the regularized monitoring and reporting mechanism, which is superficially the same as the traditional model, but has undergone a dramatic transformation on the inside. It should be noted that the default premise of this process is based on the past longer interval of the Internet monitoring mechanism before the operation of the incident leads and reports of information processing, as well as after the operation of the Internet mechanism to predict the early warning of the firewall failure of the supervisory behavior.
After the government has taken a series of measures such as building a feedback mechanism for community services, introducing e-government to improve administrative efficiency, and actively promoting the development of residents' committees, the government management and supervision mechanism has been further improved, and the quality of services in a certain region's Futaiyuan community has been improved to a certain extent, and the satisfaction of the residents has been enhanced. According to the characteristics of government administration in the Internet environment and the current situation of the management mechanism, we drew up an interview outline for the residents of the district, and randomly selected the residents of the district to be interviewed in order to understand the effect of the innovation of government management and supervision mechanism. The effect of the innovation of government management and supervision mechanism is shown in Figure 5, most residents believe that the service company can fulfill the commitments made within a certain period of time, and the operation of the company is standardized, the financial rigor, and the management fee is within the acceptable range. The governmental management department and the residents' committee have established a perfect service supervision mechanism, and the management of the company has constantly tried new service methods, provided additional consulting services to the residents, and resolved disputes in a timely manner. The government, the management company and the residents' committee have set up independent microblog accounts and WeChat public numbers to regularly release relevant information and receive complaints from the residents, thus effectively monitoring the quality of service, and the number of complaints received by the community each month has dropped from 84 in January 2024 to 40 in April 2024, which is a significant improvement in the quality of service.
Satisfaction statistics
In addition, extensive consultation with the residents' committee in the formulation of the community's management standards, and online communication and discussion with residents about the community's parking spaces, heating and gas supply, security, and construction of public facilities to further improve the quality of service and provide personalized services have also contributed to a significant increase in satisfaction with the quality of the supervisory services.
This paper analyzes the government information disclosure of the grassroots government in County Y, outlining the categories of information, the degree of information release and disclosure, etc., and summarizing and analyzing the current problems of government information disclosure. The public pays closer attention to the use of government funds. The public's understanding of the three policies that benefit the people is not optimistic, and the proportion of all of them is very low. Among the information disclosed by the government information, the highest degree of disclosure of the relevant reasons for punishment is 30%. Based on this, a combination of closed-loop and open government information disclosure mechanism is proposed. In the innovation research of government supervision mechanism, a complete Internet supervision process is proposed by combining Internet technology. As analyzed, it can be seen that Internet supervision promotes the public's satisfaction with the quality of supervision services.