Analysis of synergies between vocational education and regional economic development

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Education development level of Hunan province

City	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Changsha	0.0451	0.0394	0.0527	0.0324	0.0916	0.0946
Zhuzhou	0.0346	0.0445	0.0283	0.0459	0.0354	0.0452
Xiangtan	0.0402	0.0416	0.0469	0.0431	0.0483	0.0518
Hengyang	0.0387	0.0448	0.0412	0.0451	0.0411	0.0815
Chengzhou	0.0415	0.1084	0.0445	0.0946	0.0431	0.0562
Yongzhou	0.1028	0.1011	0.0927	0.1012	0.1028	0.0597
Shaoyang	0.0937	0.0445	0.0836	0.0438	0.1017	0.2018
Zhangjiajie	0.0413	0.0618	0.0416	0.0601	0.0236	0.1369
Huaihua	0.0628	0.0623	0.0459	0.0583	0.0945	0.0364
Loudi	0.0543	0.0317	0.0613	0.0319	0.0675	0.1251
Xiangxi	0.0283	0.0563	0.0327	0.0462	0.0346	0.0912
Yueyang	0.0276	0.0414	0.0543	0.0405	0.0651	0.0348
Changde	0.0348	0.0357	0.0412	0.0358	0.0328	0.0406
Yiyang	0.0269	0.0346	0.0365	0.0393	0.0308	0.0513
City	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Changsha	0.1121	0.1427	0.1136	0.1145	0.1495	0.1342
Zhuzhou	0.0638	0.0516	0.0594	0.0463	0.0612	0.0683
Xiangtan	0.1527	0.1359	0.1238	0.1258	0.1283	0.1632
Hengyang	0.0465	0.0453	0.0354	0.0427	0.0435	0.0438
Chengzhou	0.0563	0.0672	0.0541	0.0604	0.0763	0.0945
Yongzhou	0.3042	0.3359	0.3721	0.3924	0.3653	0.4231
Shaoyang	0.1839	0.2146	0.2263	0.2335	0.2352	0.3046
Zhangjiajie	0.0756	0.1017	0.0885	0.0948	0.1174	0.1186
Huaihua	0.2324	0.2641	0.2462	0.2126	0.2165	0.3672
Loudi	0.1435	0.1829	0.2063	0.2634	0.2732	0.3164
Xiangxi	0.0469	0.0462	0.0346	0.0351	0.0516	0.0469
Yueyang	0.0512	0.0462	0.0431	0.0384	0.0358	0.0385
Changde	0.0465	0.0551	0.0495	0.0842	0.0842	0.0614
Yiyang	0.0515	0.0576	0.0534	0.0426	0.0316	0.1208

Benchmark regression

Variable	Model (1)	Model (2)	Model (3)	Model (4)	Model (5)
VEDL	0.315***(2.948)	0.302***(2.853)	0.289***(2.816)	0.264***(2.745)	0.227**(2.531)
Net	-	0.245***(2.465)	0.237***(2.347)	0.226***(2.216)	0.208***(2.103)
Cul	-	-	0.078**(2.465)	0.067**(2.318)	0.062**(2.157)
Med	-	-	-	1.249***(3.368)	1.109***(3.108)
ER	-	-	-	-	4.124(1.539)
(Con_)	0.084***(3.146)	0.073***(3.052)	0.072***(3.015)	0.071***(2.963)	-0.081**(-2.247)
Individual effect	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
Time effect	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
R square	0.6845	0.6861	0.6924	0.7059	0.7306

Regional economic development level evaluation system

Primary Index	Secondary Index	Code
Innovative development	GDP growth rate	ID1
	R&d intensity	ID2
	Investment efficiency	ID3
	Technical activity	ID4
Coordination development	Demand structure	CD1
	Urban and rural structure	CD2
	Industrial structure	CD3
	Government debt	CD4
Green development	Energy consumption elasticity	GD1
	Unit output waste water	GD2
	Unit output waste gas	GD3
Openness development	Foreign trade dependency	OD1
	Investment proportion of foreign investment	OD2
	Market degree	OD3
Sharing development	Proportion of worker’s remuneration	SD1
	Income growth elasticity of residents	SD2
	The urban and rural consumption gap	SD3
	The proportion of people’s financial spending	SD4

Coupling Coordination Level Classification

Dissonance decay		Coordinated development
D	Type	D	Type
0.00~0.10	Extreme dissonance decay	0.51~0.60	Reluctance coordinated development
0.11~0.20	Severity dissonance decay	0.61~0.70	Primary coordinated development
0.21~0.30	Medium dissonance decay	0.71~0.80	Medium coordinated development
0.31~0.40	Light dissonance decay	0.81~0.90	Benign coordinated development
0.41~0.50	Verge dissonance decay	0.91~1.00	Quality coordinated development

The benchmark regression results of the partition domain

Variable	Model (1)	Model (2)	Model (3)	Model (4)
VEDL	0.186***(3.154)	0.075***(4.572)	0.036(0.312)	0.137(0.854)
Net	0.153***(3.725)	0.081***(3.162)	0.025(0.818)	0.045(0.729)
Cul	0.015**(0.037)	0.074**(1.253)	0.043(1.107)	0.551**(2.427)
Med	0.131***(1.429)	0.025***(1.248)	0.093**(2.317)	0.261**(2.515)
ER	0.169(4.345)	0.038(0.924)	0.005(0.154)	0.023(0.167)
(Con_)	0.424***(7.126)	-0.008 (-0.259)	0.031(1.469)	-0.057(-0.426)
Individual effect	YES	YES	YES	YES
Time effect	YES	YES	YES	YES
R square	0.8465	0.8213	0.8024	0.8158

Regional economic development level of Hunan province

City	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Changsha	0.3924	0.4015	0.4432	0.4638	0.4801	0.4923
Zhuzhou	0.1665	0.1821	0.3024	0.1334	0.1912	0.2325
Xiangtan	0.1485	0.1583	0.1549	0.2062	0.1874	0.1964
Hengyang	0.1169	0.1665	0.1942	0.2126	0.2189	0.2237
Chengzhou	0.1234	0.1667	0.1789	0.1994	0.2045	0.2132
Yongzhou	0.1345	0.1388	0.1762	0.1753	0.1806	0.1942
Shaoyang	0.1451	0.1604	0.1789	0.1724	0.1965	0.2013
Zhangjiajie	0.1931	0.1785	0.2011	0.2248	0.2185	0.2232
Huaihua	0.1651	0.2012	0.2073	0.2284	0.2251	0.2407
Loudi	0.1785	0.1951	0.1614	0.2054	0.1891	0.1782
Xiangxi	0.1562	0.1648	0.1606	0.1714	0.1769	0.1851
Yueyang	0.1711	0.1764	0.1826	0.2185	0.1994	0.2095
Changde	0.1624	0.1826	0.1803	0.2014	0.2036	0.2152
Yiyang	0.1704	0.1775	0.1821	0.1954	0.1785	0.1938
City	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Changsha	0.5165	0.5628	0.5732	0.6315	0.6824	0.7735
Zhuzhou	0.2468	0.2569	0.2683	0.3134	0.3162	0.3389
Xiangtan	0.2016	0.2169	0.2243	0.2468	0.2531	0.2659
Hengyang	0.2415	0.2608	0.2536	0.2913	0.2874	0.3365
Chengzhou	0.2435	0.2565	0.2443	0.2672	0.3048	0.3121
Yongzhou	0.2126	0.2238	0.2287	0.2386	0.2751	0.2795
Shaoyang	0.2153	0.2243	0.2089	0.2415	0.2854	0.2769
Zhangjiajie	0.2254	0.2306	0.2234	0.2418	0.2459	0.2342
Huaihua	0.2335	0.2415	0.2342	0.2685	0.2812	0.2836
Loudi	0.1465	0.2489	0.1942	0.2188	0.2375	0.2354
Xiangxi	0.1846	0.1905	0.1959	0.2043	0.2058	0.2169
Yueyang	0.2184	0.2093	0.1945	0.2214	0.2325	0.2682
Changde	0.2413	0.2453	0.2236	0.2683	0.2694	0.2751
Yiyang	0.1952	0.2214	0.1816	0.2124	0.2032	0.2056

Intergroup differences of coupling coordination

Year	CZT-XN	CZT-XX	CZT-DTH	XN-XX	XN-DTH	XX-DTH
2012	0.1681	0.2694	0.1406	0.1679	0.0742	0.1865
2013	0.1745	0.2725	0.1418	0.1715	0.0801	0.1943
2014	0.1738	0.2731	0.1422	0.1665	0.0804	0.1924
2015	0.1651	0.2624	0.1342	0.1689	0.0815	0.1915
2016	0.1616	0.2695	0.1398	0.1782	0.0821	0.1945
2017	0.1638	0.2675	0.1412	0.1721	0.0789	0.1884
2018	0.1642	0.2654	0.1485	0.1745	0.0775	0.1793
2019	0.1694	0.2649	0.1579	0.1673	0.0752	0.1684
2020	0.1685	0.2721	0.1609	0.1741	0.0719	0.1725
2021	0.1682	0.2678	0.1663	0.1724	0.0743	0.1625
2022	0.1645	0.2654	0.1635	0.1712	0.0711	0.1614
2023	0.1581	0.2613	0.1669	0.1693	0.0706	0.1532

Coupling and coordination of two systems

	Changzhutan		Xiangnan
Year	D	Relation	D	Relation
2012	0.2203	Medium dissonance decay	0.2089	Medium dissonance decay
2013	0.2255	Medium dissonance decay	0.2403	Medium dissonance decay
2014	0.2378	Medium dissonance decay	0.2284	Medium dissonance decay
2015	0.2281	Medium dissonance decay	0.2504	Medium dissonance decay
2016	0.2543	Medium dissonance decay	0.2367	Medium dissonance decay
2017	0.2646	Medium dissonance decay	0.2425	Medium dissonance decay
2018	0.3063	Medium dissonance decay	0.2980	Medium dissonance decay
2019	0.3123	Light dissonance decay	0.3100	Light dissonance decay
2020	0.3062	Medium dissonance decay	0.3107	Light dissonance decay
2021	0.3121	Light dissonance decay	0.3236	Light dissonance decay
2022	0.3295	Light dissonance decay	0.3288	Light dissonance decay
2023	0.3440	Light dissonance decay	0.3469	Light dissonance decay
Year	Xiangxi		Dongtinghu
	D	Relation	D	Relation
2012	0.2202	Medium dissonance decay	0.1880	Severity dissonance decay
2013	0.2192	Medium dissonance decay	0.2020	Medium dissonance decay
2014	0.2216	Medium dissonance decay	0.2114	Medium dissonance decay
2015	0.2215	Medium dissonance decay	0.2108	Medium dissonance decay
2016	0.2386	Medium dissonance decay	0.2135	Medium dissonance decay
2017	0.2793	Medium dissonance decay	0.2160	Medium dissonance decay
2018	0.2879	Medium dissonance decay	0.2282	Medium dissonance decay
2019	0.3097	Medium dissonance decay	0.2337	Medium dissonance decay
2020	0.3034	Medium dissonance decay	0.2221	Medium dissonance decay
2021	0.3151	Light dissonance decay	0.2382	Medium dissonance decay
2022	0.3255	Light dissonance decay	0.2334	Medium dissonance decay
2023	0.3463	Light dissonance decay	0.2603	Medium dissonance decay

Professional education development level evaluation index system

Primary Index	Secondary Index	Code
Education guarantee	Funding input	JY1
	Teacher construction	JY2
	Teaching condition	JY3
Culture quality	Promotion level	PY1
	Employment level	PY2
	Student comprehensive quality	PY3
	Education scale	PY4
Social achievement	Graduate evaluation	SH1
	Enterprise evaluation	SH2
	Service area industry capacity	SH3

Robustness test results

Variable	Model (1)	Model (2)	Model (3)
VEDL	0.182***(2.467)	0.051***(1.573)	0.124***(2.085)
Net	0.314***(2.672)	0.074***(1.516)	0.085***(1.672)
Cul	0.085**(2.538)	0.079**(2.427)	0.088**(2.469)
Med	1.248***(3.569)	1.159***(3.208)	1.171***(3.423)
ER	3.586 (1.642)	3.271 (1.353)	3.329 (1.427)
(Con_)	0.174***(3.156)	0.169***(3.048)	0.165***(3.012)
Individual effect	YES	YES	YES
Time effect	YES	YES	YES
R square	0.4271	0.6859	0.4063