Construction of an applied model for the development of geospatial perception skills in early childhood science education

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Test Q matrix

	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6
Item 1	1	0	0	1	0	0
Item 2	1	0	0	1	1	0
Item 3	1	0	1	1	1	0
Item 4	1	0	1	1	1	0
Item 5	1	0	0	1	1	1
Item 6	1	1	0	1	1	1
Item 7	1	1	0	1	0	0
Item 8	1	0	1	1	0	0
Item 9	1	1	0	1	1	1
Item 10	1	1	0	1	1	1
Item 11	1	1	0	1	1	0
Item 12	1	1	1	1	1	1

The mean of the secondary index of the child’s geographical space imagination

Secondary indicator	Tertiary index	Mean value
Spatial perception	Spatial factor perception	7.35
	Spatial pattern perception	3.82
	Spatial process perception	5.69
Geographical space operation ability	Spatial factor operation ability	7.11
	Spatial pattern operation ability	5.14
	Spatial process operation ability	5.52
Spatial expression	Spatial element expression ability	4.68
	Spatial pattern expression ability	5.93
	Spatial process expression	5.72

Adjacency matrix

Attribute	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6
A1	1	0	0	0	0	0
A2	0	0	1	0	0	0
A3	0	1	0	0	0	0
A4	0	0	0	0	1	0
A5	0	0	0	1	0	0
A6	0	0	0	0	0	0

Typical assessment mode

	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6
S1	1	0	0	0	0	0
S2	1	0	0	0	1	1
S3	1	0	1	0	1	0
S4	1	1	0	0	0	0
S5	1	1	0	0	0	0
S6	1	0	1	1	1	0
S7	1	0	0	1	0	0
S8	1	1	0	1	0	0
S9	1	1	1	1	0	0
S10	1	1	1	1	0	0
S11	1	1	0	1	0	0

The consistency of the actual appraisal attribute and the ideal appraisal attribute

Test item	Actual appraisal attribute	Ideal evaluation attribute	Degree of consistency
Item 1	A1, A4	A1, A4	Very consistent
Item 2	A1, A4, A5	A1, A4, A5	Very consistent
Item 3	A1, A3, A4, A5	A1, A3, A4, A5	Very consistent
Item 4	A1, A3, A4, A5	A1, A3, A4, A5	Very consistent
Item 5	A1, A4, A5, A6	A1, A4, A5, A6	Very consistent
Item 6	A1, A2, A4, A5, A6	A1, A2, A4, A5, A6	Very consistent
Item 7	A1, A2, A4	A1, A2, A4	Very consistent
Item 8	A1, A3, A4	A1, A3, A4	Very consistent
Item 9	A1, A2, A4, A5, A6	A1, A2, A4, A5, A6	Very consistent
Item 10	A1, A2, A4, A5, A6	A1, A2, A4, A5, A6	Very consistent
Item 11	A1, A2, A4, A5	A1, A2, A4, A5	Very consistent
Item 12	A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6	A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6	Very consistent

The correlation between the two levels

Primary indicator	Secondary indicator	Pearson correlation coefficient	Significance (double tail)
Spatial perception	Spatial factor perception	0.016	0.826
	Spatial pattern perception	0.271**	0.000
	Spatial process perception	0.116	0.046
Geographical space operation ability	Spatial factor operation ability	0.125	0.052
	Spatial pattern operation ability	0.155*	0.012
	Spatial process operation ability	0.159	0.006
Spatial expression	Spatial element expression ability	0.289**	0.000
	Spatial pattern expression ability	0.158*	0.016
	Spatial process expression	0.172**	0.006

Accessibility matrix

Attribute	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6
A1	1	1	1	1	1	1
A2	0	1	0	0	0	0
A3	1	1	0	1	0	0
A4	0	0	1	0	0	0
A5	0	0	0	1	1	0
A6	0	0	0	0	0	1

Ideal mode

	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6
S1	0	0	1	0	0	0
S2	1	1	0	0	0	0
S3	1	0	0	0	0	1
S4	1	1	0	0	1	0
S5	1	0	1	0	1	0
S6	1	0	0	1	0	0
S7	1	0	0	1	0	0
S8	1	0	0	1	0	0
S9	1	1	0	1	0	0
S10	1	1	1	1	0	0
S11	1	0	0	1	1	0

The average and standard deviation of the geographic space imagination

Variable	Spatial perception	Geographical space operation ability	Spatial expression
Average	17.25	18.65	17.62
Standard deviation	0.395	0.552	0.332

Forecast test data

	Item 1	Item 2	Item 3	Item 4	Item 5	Item 6	Item 7	Item 8	Item 9	Item 10	Item 11	Item 12
ID1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1
ID2	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0
ID3	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
ID4	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1
ID5	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0
ID 6	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1
…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
ID 43	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1
ID 44	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0
ID 45	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1
ID 46	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0

Analysis of differentials

Issue number	Differentiating	Issue number	Differentiating
Item 1	0.22	Item 7	0.55
Item 2	0.35	Item 8	0.41
Item 3	0.32	Item 9	0.32
Item 4	0.53	Item 10	0.33
Item 5	0.51	Item 11	0.57
Item 6	0.46	Item 12	0.82

Variance analysis of different gender high school students

Variable	Gender	Average	Standard deviation	T	Significance
Spatial perception	Man	16.32	6.9211	-1.702	0.226
	Female	17.85	7.021	-1.685
Geographical space operation ability	Man	18.25	9.633	-1.022	0.032
	Female	17.05	11.523	-1.025
Spatial expression	Man	17.63	6.686	-3.436	0.015
	Female	15.21	5.826	-3.422

The variance analysis of the first grade index of children in different grades

Variable	class	Average	Standard deviation	T	Significance
Spatial perception	Small class	15.32	7.051	-3.455	0.106
	Middle class	18.26	6.695	-3.415
Geographical space operation ability	Small class	16.95	10.552	-1.536	0.001
	Middle class	18.63	9.955	-1.520
Spatial expression	Small class	14.32	5.936	-4.618	0.000
	Middle class	17.66	6.412	-4.659

Score of the class

	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T6	T7	T8	T9	equipartition
A	31.17	20.07	17.87	20.9	35.14	32.42	27.85	18.87	17.93	24.69
B	17.55	16.73	18.17	24.03	28.12	24.5	19.57	18.28	35.27	22.47
C	28.23	17.45	33.28	26.15	22.31	19.18	27.55	25.61	33.88	25.96

The correlation between the geographic space imagination and achievement

	Spatial perception	Geographical space operation ability	Spatial expression
Pearson correlation coefficient	0.179**	0.031	0.244**
Significance (double tail)	0.006	0.568	0.000

The final results of the evaluation of the class are summarized

Index (weight)		Evaluation sample results									equipartition
		T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T6	T7	T8	T9
A(0.36)	A(0.12)	0.17	0.14	0.13	0.09	0.2	0.08	0.18	0.06	0.26	0.15
	A(0.15)	0.22	0.25	0.16	0.28	0.29	0.25	0.22	0.06	0.08	0.20
	A(0.09)	0.21	0.24	0.09	0.13	0.11	0.1	0.17	0.27	0.29	0.18
B(0.31)	B(0.09)	0.28	0.2	0.28	0.11	0.23	0.07	0.25	0.2	0.23	0.21
	B(0.11)	0.11	0.13	0.11	0.1	0.11	0.27	0.22	0.08	0.1	0.14
	B(0.11)	0.29	0.23	0.06	0.29	0.15	0.17	0.2	0.21	0.13	0.19
C(0.33)	C(0.13)	0.19	0.17	0.06	0.22	0.21	0.23	0.22	0.14	0.14	0.18
	C(0.15)	0.08	0.15	0.12	N	0.26	N	0.11	0.06	0.12	0.13
	C(0.05)	0.16	0.07	0.09	0.2	0.17	0.27	0.06	0.07	0.2	0.14
Total score		1.71	1.58	1.1	1.42	1.73	1.44	1.63	1.15	1.55
Standard score		81.62	63.55	88.62	79.54	65.96	63.51	73.55	65.63	92.63

The difficulty parameters of the test paper are predicted

Issue number	difficulty	Issue number	difficulty
Item 1	0.85	Item 7	0.35
Item 2	0.79	Item 8	0.33
Item 3	0.75	Item 9	0.31
Item 4	0.52	Item 10	0.42
Item 5	0.43	Item 11	0.55
Item 6	0.52	Item 12	0.28