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Theoretical Analysis of Marxist Changes in the Relations of Production in the Context of the Information Age

Rui Zhang

Rui Zhang

Institute of Political Science and Law, Xinjiang Normal UniversityUrumqi, China
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Zhang, Rui
  
Mar 17, 2025
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Published Online: Mar 17, 2025
Received: Nov 11, 2024
Accepted: Feb 17, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2025-0328
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© 2025 Rui Zhang, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Characteristics of production relations
Characteristics of production relations

Figure 2.

Production relationship mechanism
Production relationship mechanism

Figure 3.

The time evolution of the digital economic development level
The time evolution of the digital economic development level

Benchmark regression

Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hum Dae Gre
EX 0.381*** (7.31) 0.598*** (16.41) 0.635*** (17.11) 0.281*** (65.22) 0.157*** (46.84) 0.175*** (54.03) 2.527*** (50.03) 1.382*** (37.69) 1.557*** (42.13)
Age 0.315*** (42.44) 0.312*** (39.21) 0.285*** (37.57) 0.241*** (32.11) 0.331*** (41.35) 0.277*** (36.15)
Ind 0.012*** (7.57) 0.007*** (6.33) 0.005*** (5.55) 0.005*** (4.13) 0.011*** (8.35) 0.008*** (6.54)
Dir 0.665*** (16.65) 0.575*** (15.45) 0.554*** (15164) 0.472*** (13.89)** 0.591*** (16.31) 0.523*** (14886)
Top 0.006*** (16.88) 0.005*** (14.77) 0.006*** (13.20) 0.005*** (11.44) 0.575*** (16.35) 0.577*** (14.34)
Fix -1.545*** (-30.54) -1.864*** (-35.45) -1.441*** (-32.35) -1.911*** (-42.87) -1.621*** (-35.64) -1.992*** (-42.46)
Gro 0.254*** (15.35) 0.254*** (14.41) 0.262*** (17.54) 0.232*** (16.16) 0.241*** (15.82) 0.219*** (15.42)
Lev 1.432*** (39.45) 1.342*** (38.31) 0.987*** (29.75) 0.942*** (29.43) 1.078*** (31.12) 1.071*** (31.87)
Cap -0.331*** (-68.81) -0.311*** (-66.76) -0.311*** (-71.32) -0.274*** (-70.15) -0.315*** (-70.21) -0.298*** (-68.41)
Cas 2.087*** (21.77) 2.165*** (23.11) 1.585*** (17.92) 1.583*** (18.62) 1.973*** (21.54) 1.912*** (21.61)
Tob -0.116*** (-26.64) -0.132*** (-27.98) -0.079*** (-21.46) -0.075*** (-22.32) -0.089*** (-22.16) -0.089*** (-23.45)
Fixed effect Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Control Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Control Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Control
Constant term 8.232*** (502.44) 6.075*** (52.65) 6.356*** (21.42) 3.855*** (56.11) 4.345*** (38.68) 4.435*** (16.55) 7.961*** (740.12) 6.243*** (56.51) 6.842*** (24.53)
Sample size 10333 10212 10212 10333 10212 10212 10333 10212 10212
After adjustment R2 0.006 0.618 0.653 0.292 0.677 0.722 0.192 0.654 0.695

Production relationship change index system

Primary indicator Secondary indicator Secondary index weight Direction
Change in production relations Digital economic level 0.203 Positive
Social security expenditure 0.101 Positive
Social labor productivity 0.192 Positive
Ecological environment construction 0.094 Positive
Carbon emission 0.075 Negative
Culture education 0.112 Positive
Medical health 0.102 Positive
Infrastructure construction 0.121 Positive

Major variables

Type Variable description Symbol
Explained variable Change in production relations Tjp
Interpretation variable The quality of the laborer Hum
Digital upgrade of labor tools Dae
The green color of the work object Gre
Regulating mechanism variables They act as ownership Soe
The degree of competition between enterprises in the market Mar
The degree of cooperation between enterprises in the market Med
Government regulation Gov
Control variable Enterprise age Age
Independent proportion Ind
Board size Dir
Tobin q Tob
The largest shareholder shareholding ratio Top
Cash flow ratio Cas
Tobin q Tob
Asset ratio Lev
Asset intensity Cap
Capital intensity Fix
Income growth Gro

Production relationship change level index

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
S1 0.55 0.54 0.59 0.59 0.63 0.66 0.70 0.71 0.74 0.79 0.66
S2 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.45 0.53 0.56 0.44
S3 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.43
S4 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.36 0.39 0.44
S5 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.42 0.44 0.48 0.49 0.51
S6 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.42
S7 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.46 0.48 0.47
S8 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.49 0.51 0.52
S9 0.45 0.43 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.55 0.59 0.60 0.63 0.7 0.55
S10 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.42
S11 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.59 0.63 0.68
S12 0.18 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.38 0.40 0.58
S13 0.32 0.35 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.54 0.58 0.44
S15 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.42 0.45 0.44
S16 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.42
S17 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.38 0.49
S18 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.46
S19 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.45 0.46 0.56
S20 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.57
S21 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.39 0.41
S22 0.28 0.33 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.46 0.47
S23 0.24 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.46
S24 0.24 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.41 0.42 0.33
S25 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.48
S26 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.43
S27 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.43 0.55
S28 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.38 0.40 0.52
S29 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.49 0.50 0.57
S30 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43
Mean 0.280 0.300 0.316 0.333 0.352 0.372 0.397 0.415 0.456 0.481 0.488
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